A complete urinalysis evaluates physical characteristics (color, clarity), chemical composition (pH, protein, glucose, ketones, blood, leukocyte esterase, nitrites), and microscopic findings (cells, casts, crystals, bacteria). When the urinalysis suggests possible infection — typically through positive leukocyte esterase, nitrites, or significant white blood cells — a urine culture is automatically performed to identify the specific bacteria and determine antibiotic susceptibility.
This reflex approach is widely used in primary care, urgent care, and emergency settings to evaluate symptoms of urinary tract infection, screen during pregnancy, monitor known kidney or urinary conditions, and investigate other systemic concerns. Sample type is a clean-catch midstream urine specimen.
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