When glucose circulates in the bloodstream, it binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells. Because red blood cells live about three months, HbA1c provides a stable, time-averaged picture of glucose control — unaffected by short-term fluctuations from a single meal or stressful event.
This test is used to diagnose prediabetes and diabetes (with diagnostic thresholds of 5.7-6.4% and 6.5% or higher), monitor treatment effectiveness in people with diabetes, and guide adjustments in medication or lifestyle. Most diabetic patients aim for HbA1c under 7%, though targets are individualized. No fasting is required, and the sample is whole blood in an EDTA tube.
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