The dfrA genes encode modified dihydrofolate reductase enzymes that resist inhibition by trimethoprim. These genes are commonly found on mobile genetic elements that spread between bacteria.
Detection of dfrA or dfrA5 in molecular testing helps predict trimethoprim resistance, often associated with sulfonamide co-resistance affecting the trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole combination. Sample type is typically a culture isolate or direct clinical specimen.
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