The complement system is a group of proteins that work together to fight infection and clear immune complexes. C3 is central to this system and is consumed when complement is activated. Low C3 can indicate active autoimmune disease (such as lupus or certain types of glomerulonephritis), severe infection with immune complex formation, or rare inherited deficiencies.
This test is ordered alongside C4 to evaluate autoimmune diseases, especially lupus, monitor disease activity, and investigate certain kidney diseases. Low complement levels often parallel disease flares, while normalization can follow effective treatment. Sample type is serum.