The ABO blood group system is determined by the A and B antigens on the surface of red blood cells. Blood type A has the A antigen, type B has the B antigen, type AB has both, and type O has neither. The body naturally produces antibodies against any ABO antigens not present on its own red cells, which means transfusing incompatible blood can trigger severe and potentially fatal immune reactions.
This test is performed before blood transfusions, organ transplants, and as part of blood donor screening to ensure compatibility. It is also commonly ordered during prenatal care and pre-surgical evaluation. For complete transfusion safety, ABO grouping is typically performed alongside Rh(D) typing. Sample type is whole blood collected in an EDTA tube.
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